Effective Techniques for Indonesian Text Retrieval
A thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Jelita Asian B.Comp. Sc.(Hons.),
School of Computer Science and Information Technology,
Science, Engineering, and Technology Portfolio,
RMIT University,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
30th March, 2007Declaration
I certify that except where due acknowledgment has been made, the work is that of the
author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify
for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been
carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; and, any
editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged.
Jelita Asian
School of Computer Science and Information Technology
RMIT University
30th March, 2007ii
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I thank Justin Zobel, Saied Tahaghoghi, and Falk Scholer for their
patience and general academic and moral support during my candidature. Without their
guidance, the thesis would not exist. I thank Hugh Williams for supervising me for two years
before leaving RMIT.
I thank Halil Ali for crawling most of the document collections, and Bobby Nazief for
providing the s na source code and the dictionary used in this thesis; Vinsensius Berlian Vega
for his s v source code; Riky Irawan for the Kompas newswire documents; and Gunarso for
the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) dictionary. I also thank Wahyu Wibowo for
his help in answering queries and Eric Dharmazi, Agnes Julianto, Iman Suyoto, Hendra
Yasuwito, Debby Andriani, Sinliana, Malian, Susanna Gunawan and Hanyu for their help
in creating our human stemming ground truth. I extend my gratitude to Beti Dimitrievska,
Chin Scott, and Cecily Walker for their assistance to research students at RMIT.
I also thank my parents and friends for their moral support. I thank many students
of the RMIT Search Engine Group: Steven Garcia, Pauline Chou, Ranjan Sinha, Michael
Cameron, Bodo Billerbeck, William Webber, Nick Lester, Sarvnaz Karimi, Dayang Iskandar,
Ying Zhao, Milad Shokouhi, Nikolas Astikis, Iman Suyoto, Jonathan Yu, Yaniv Bernstein,
Abdusalam Nwesri, Jovan Pechevski, Vaughan Shanks, Abhijit Chattaraj, Yanghong Xiang,
Pengfei Han, Yohannes Tsegay, and Rosette Kidwani. They have provided valuable assistance
during my research and have made my candidature experience interesting.
This research was conducted with the support of an International Postgraduate Research
Scholarship (IPRS) scholarship. Hardware used for experiments was provided with the support of the Australian Research Council and RMIT University VRII grant.
You might have taken a break to raise a family, recover from an illness, care for a dependant or have a sabbatical. Or you might have already started down a different career path but realised it’s not for you.
This could be an ideal time to consider a career in nursing and whatever your circumstances, you should find a nursing job to suit you from the range of roles on offer, which include varied working hours and locations.
On leaving school with GCSEs, I got a job as a PA and then as a project manager. My career was interesting, but I never saw how my work directly affected people. Nursing offered me that ‘human touch’ – so after 11 years, I switched careers.
Read Sarah’s full story.
Don’t be put off if you don’t have specific health-related experience or qualifications. There are many transferable skills that will be very useful to you as a nurse. These include:
interpersonal skills
communication
time management
organisation
literacy and numeracy
leadership
project management.
My second child had just been born when I discovered an Access to Nursing course was about to start nearby. This seemed too good to pass up. I began the two-year course when my baby was just ten days old, then gained my adult nursing diploma from the University of Worcester.
Read Rachel’s full story.
You can study for a degree or diploma* full time, (see Coming from outside the health sector), or join the NHS and be supported to study part time (see Coming from within the health sector).
If you left school or university some time ago, you may need to show some evidence of academic study. Don’t worry if you haven’t studied recently, there are Access to Nursing courses available across the country.
Thinking about changing careers or returning to work to become a nurse, but still not sure if it’s the career for you?
Why not try volunteering?
* Diploma courses will be phased out between September 2011 and early 2013. From September 2013, all new entrants to the nursing profession will need to study for a degree.
A thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Jelita Asian B.Comp. Sc.(Hons.),
School of Computer Science and Information Technology,
Science, Engineering, and Technology Portfolio,
RMIT University,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
30th March, 2007Declaration
I certify that except where due acknowledgment has been made, the work is that of the
author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify
for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been
carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; and, any
editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged.
Jelita Asian
School of Computer Science and Information Technology
RMIT University
30th March, 2007ii
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I thank Justin Zobel, Saied Tahaghoghi, and Falk Scholer for their
patience and general academic and moral support during my candidature. Without their
guidance, the thesis would not exist. I thank Hugh Williams for supervising me for two years
before leaving RMIT.
I thank Halil Ali for crawling most of the document collections, and Bobby Nazief for
providing the s na source code and the dictionary used in this thesis; Vinsensius Berlian Vega
for his s v source code; Riky Irawan for the Kompas newswire documents; and Gunarso for
the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) dictionary. I also thank Wahyu Wibowo for
his help in answering queries and Eric Dharmazi, Agnes Julianto, Iman Suyoto, Hendra
Yasuwito, Debby Andriani, Sinliana, Malian, Susanna Gunawan and Hanyu for their help
in creating our human stemming ground truth. I extend my gratitude to Beti Dimitrievska,
Chin Scott, and Cecily Walker for their assistance to research students at RMIT.
I also thank my parents and friends for their moral support. I thank many students
of the RMIT Search Engine Group: Steven Garcia, Pauline Chou, Ranjan Sinha, Michael
Cameron, Bodo Billerbeck, William Webber, Nick Lester, Sarvnaz Karimi, Dayang Iskandar,
Ying Zhao, Milad Shokouhi, Nikolas Astikis, Iman Suyoto, Jonathan Yu, Yaniv Bernstein,
Abdusalam Nwesri, Jovan Pechevski, Vaughan Shanks, Abhijit Chattaraj, Yanghong Xiang,
Pengfei Han, Yohannes Tsegay, and Rosette Kidwani. They have provided valuable assistance
during my research and have made my candidature experience interesting.
This research was conducted with the support of an International Postgraduate Research
Scholarship (IPRS) scholarship. Hardware used for experiments was provided with the support of the Australian Research Council and RMIT University VRII grant.
You might have taken a break to raise a family, recover from an illness, care for a dependant or have a sabbatical. Or you might have already started down a different career path but realised it’s not for you.
This could be an ideal time to consider a career in nursing and whatever your circumstances, you should find a nursing job to suit you from the range of roles on offer, which include varied working hours and locations.
On leaving school with GCSEs, I got a job as a PA and then as a project manager. My career was interesting, but I never saw how my work directly affected people. Nursing offered me that ‘human touch’ – so after 11 years, I switched careers.
Read Sarah’s full story.
Don’t be put off if you don’t have specific health-related experience or qualifications. There are many transferable skills that will be very useful to you as a nurse. These include:
interpersonal skills
communication
time management
organisation
literacy and numeracy
leadership
project management.
My second child had just been born when I discovered an Access to Nursing course was about to start nearby. This seemed too good to pass up. I began the two-year course when my baby was just ten days old, then gained my adult nursing diploma from the University of Worcester.
Read Rachel’s full story.
You can study for a degree or diploma* full time, (see Coming from outside the health sector), or join the NHS and be supported to study part time (see Coming from within the health sector).
If you left school or university some time ago, you may need to show some evidence of academic study. Don’t worry if you haven’t studied recently, there are Access to Nursing courses available across the country.
Thinking about changing careers or returning to work to become a nurse, but still not sure if it’s the career for you?
Why not try volunteering?
* Diploma courses will be phased out between September 2011 and early 2013. From September 2013, all new entrants to the nursing profession will need to study for a degree.